Search all resource types
(eg. article databases, books, ebooks, etc.)
(eg. article databases, books, ebooks, etc.)
APA In-text Citations follow an author and date model. Direct quotes require the inclusion of a page number. When no page number is available, substitute with a paragraph number (Ex. Hernandez, 2010, para. 4).
| Type of Citation | First Citation in text | Subsequent Citations in Text | Parenthetical Format, First Citation in Text | Parenthetical Format, Subsequent Citations in Text |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 work by 1 author |
Siegel (2004) | Siegel (2004) | (Siegel, 2004) | (Siegel, 2004) |
|
1 work by 2 authors |
Hunt and Wilkins (2007) | Hunt and Wilkins (2007) | (Hunt & Wilkins, 2007) | (Hunt & Wilkins, 2007) |
|
1 work by 3 or more authors |
Baxter et al. (2005) | Baxter et al. (2005) | (Baxter et al., 2005) | (Baxter et al., 2005) |
|
Groups (readily identified through abbreviations) as authors |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2007) |
CDC (2007) | (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007) |
(CDC, 2007) |
|
Groups (no abbreviation) as authors |
Olds College (2010) | Olds College (2010) | (Olds College, 2010) | (Olds College, 2010) |
|
2 or more works |
Harlow (1999) and Smith (2001) |
Harlow (1999) and Smith (2001) |
(Harlow, 1999; Smith, 2001) | (Harlow, 1999; Smith, 2001) |
|
2 or more works by 1 author in the same year |
Jones (2009a) Jones (2009b) |
Jones (2009a) Jones (2009b) |
(Jones, 2009a) (Jones, 2009b) |
(Jones, 2009a) (Jones, 2009b) |
| Work with no author | ("Understanding information overload," n.d.) | ("Understanding information overload," n.d.) | ("Understanding information overload," n.d.) | ("Understanding information overload," n.d.) |
| Work with no author (Drug database, Encyclopedia, Dictionary, etc.) | "Drospirenone" (2019) | "Drospirenone" (2019) | ("Drospirenone," 2019) | ("Drospirenone," 2019) |
|
Secondary Source with the year of primary source |
Freud (1916) ... (as cited in Jones, 2003) | Freud (1916) ... (as cited in Jones, 2003) | (Freud, 1916, as cited in Jones, 2003) | (Freud, 1916, as cited in Jones, 2003) |
|
Secondary Source without the year of primary source |
Freud (as cited in Jones, 2003) | Freud (as cited in Jones, 2003) | (Freud, as cited in Jones, 2003) | (Freud, as cited in Jones, 2003) |
|
Personal Communication (Do not include in |
J.Smith (personal communication, March 19, 2016) | J.Smith (personal communication, March 19, 2016) | (J. Smith, personal communication, March 19, 2016) | (J. Smith, personal communication, March 19, 2016) |
|
Court Decision |
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
(Brown v. Board of Education, 1954) | (Brown v. Board of Education, 1954) |
| Federal Statue | Violence Against Women (1994) | Violence Against Women (1994) | (Violence Against Women, 1994) | (Violence Against Women, 1994) |
Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
